دور زعماء القبائل في الكوفة في التأثير على سلطة الخليفة ( 35 هـ - 72 هـ)
Abstract
The Arab tribes played a major role in political and military life during the Umayyad era and contributed to the victory of Islam and Muslims, as well as the Islamic conquests, where they participated in spreading Islam in the East and the West. The Islamic conquests benefited from this tribal organization and the tribes became a major role in creating many political and military incidents. The tribes had a dual role that included positivity and negativity in political practice. They played a role in supporting and weakening the authority of the Caliph. The Kufa leaders had a major impact on the Caliph’s decisions in dismissing and appointing governors, as well as their role in eliminating opposition movements. They became the forces on which the authority was based. One of the most prominent leaders of Kufa was Malik bin Al-Harith
Al-Ashtar Al-Nakha’i, the Kufi leader and master of the Nakha’ tribe, who played a supporting role for Imam Ali, peace be upon him, as well as Hajar bin Adi Al-Kindi, who rebelled against the governor of Iraq, Al-Mughira bin Shuba, and stood in the face of the Umayyad authority. The role of the Kufa tribes was not limited to roles opposing the Umayyad policy, as there were some loyal tribes. The Umayyads, including the Kinda tribe led by Qais bin Al-Ash'ath Al-Kindi, who played a role in the arbitration case. Muawiyah also tasked the nobles of Kufa with eliminating the revolt of Al-Mustawrid bin Ulafa. Likewise, the leaders of Kufa rallied around the governor of Iraq, Ubayd Allah bin Ziyad, during the reign of Yazid bin Muawiyah, when he wanted to eliminate the revolt of Imam Al-Hussein, peace be upon him. The Umayyad caliphs succeeded in achieving tribal balance and making it within the framework of serving the state and benefiting from these tribes in supporting their authority. The best example of this is the governor Ziyad bin Abihi, who did not rely on the support of a specific tribe, but rather made tribal fanaticism serve the state’s policy.
