تخطيط وعمارة المستوطنات والمساكن وسط وجنوب بلاد الرافدين القديمة حتى العصر البابلي القديم

Abstract

Mesopotamia witnessed a civilized theater, some of its mysteries and secrets are still undiscovered and have not yet been covered by the shovels of excavators and archaeologists. The results of scientific excavations left ample information through which talk and clarification can be made.

The results of the excavations show that the beginnings of the first dwellings in Mesopotamia were in the northern regions during the period confined between the ancient and modern stone ages They are unstable settlements that preceded the stage of villages and population stability imposed by agriculture and domestication. It is known that the first beginnings of these homes were called settlements, which in the literal sense are a shelter or shelters that a person of that era had to resort to to protect him from the dangers of nature and predatory animals, and they differ from what we call hunting colonies In fact, they are houses made of branches and leaves of trees, in which he sleeps for the purpose of hunting, chasing animals away from the caves Then the members of the community lived in houses made of the closest materials available and easy to process and organize, such as reeds, papyrus, and mud in the south of Mesopotamia. He could leave it and m.

ake another one easily when he moved through the swamps and marshes of the south. The first shapes in both the northern and southern regions were circular in their design, so they were easy to work in addition to To its defensive function, which is safer than the polygonal shape, it may have been constructed according to the climatic conditions and available materials And that the human being of that era moved from the north along the rivers and settled in the far south of Mesopotamia After the Ubaid civilization emerged in the fifth millennium BC, in the far south of Iraq today, represented by simple settlements whose architecture does not exceed reeds and papyrus, which were covered with mud, and built with pure mud again (the raft) combined near the temple, the first nu cleus and the center of the village, the inhabitants of these first communities were Self-sufficient and their housing meets their needs before the population explosion that Teal Ubaid Known as the era of  Warka in the 3000-3500. BC Who changed the entire history of mankind since then, until the population unit began to develop and expand due to the civilizational development at all levels, and it became easy to identify houses and their sustainable architectural elements and distinguish them from housing and shelter Until it became a comprehensive civilization, in which population groups emerged that were governed by the available materials with the technical expertise that developed the elements and architecture and developed the structural unit.